Political Power During The Time Of Sophocles King Essay

In the plays of Sophocles, we see various form and displays of political power. It is shown in a variety of ways. In both plays we see very similar displays of political power. When you think of political power today it is very different to how it was viewed back in the time of Sophocles. Sophocles shows examples of political power in his plays and these examples have many connections to people or things. In King Oedipus, we see an arrogant and very mean king. He cares about what the people need and want but he is arrogant and mean about it at the same time. He is also very paranoid about the people around him. During the time of King Oedipus, the king literally controlled everything. Kings during this time often relied on others when it came to making decisions such as the gods. We can ask many questions when it comes to political power in the plays of Sophocles. Can an arrogant leader really make the right choices for the people? We have many examples of how these leaders used thei r political power. Political power in both of these stories had tragic outcomes. We can also ask if the rulers were really making mad decisions or if they were really just a victim of some unfortunate events. One thing is for sure, political power was really prevalent in the time of Sophocles and we can see that in both King Oedipus and Antigone. We also get a sense of how society and politics were in this period of time by learning from the writing of Sophocles and the actions of Creon and KingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sophocles Antigone, Creon, The King Of Thebes1280 Words   |  6 Pagesthem† (Sophocles 222). In Sophocles’ tragedy â€Å"Antigone†, Creon, the obstinate king of Thebes, embodies the stereotypical monarch. Ancient Athens, where Sophocles called home, used plays to educate their audience and persuade them to think a certain way; thus, Sophocles wrote of the struggle between Creon, and his son, Haimon, from the perspective of a member if a democ ratic government. Sophocles sought to influence his audiences political beliefs by creating the character Creon, the King of Thebes’Read MoreEssay about Gender Bias Critic of Antigone1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe flaw of one man cannot bring down an entire kingdom, but rather one outlook of the king can lead to the demise of the whole. In Sophocles epic tragedy, Antigone, a strong gender bias is present throughout the tragedy, and is partially responsible for the downfall of the king. To Sophocles the king is not always representative of the people, but acts on his own personal desires and judgments. Sophocles was born in 496 B.C. and from 490 B.C. until 442 B.C. when the first performance of AntigoneRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Of Oedipus And Oedipus Rex Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the framework of history, humans have willingly paid a price to obtain power, glory, and wealth. The price for this achievement could include the loss of friends, family, monetary goods, and social status. The story of Oedipus Rex is no exception. A man, seemingly through no fault or causation of his own, rises to power then suffers a great fall at the hands of a manipulative tyrant. Through a political lens, the reader can deduce that Creon orchestrated a plot to slay his brother andRead MoreAntigone Moral Dilemma1253 Words   |  6 PagesPerhaps the most pronounced question in the play Antigone by Sophocles is the value of human law vs. divine law. In this tragic play a newly appointed king Creon declares to his people that treason was committed during battle, and one of the two brothers (Polyneices) killed shall not be buried according to the Gods, but instead He shall be left unburied for all to watch the corpse mutilated and eaten by carrion-birds and by dogs (Sophocles, 1900.). This dilemma is felt by many, especially AntigoneRead More Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle – Antigone, as a Feminist Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles’ Oedipus Cycle – Antigone, as a Feminist Throughout history, women have always stood in the shadows of men. In many cultures, the role of women has always been to be seen and not heard. As one of the first feminists in world literature, the character Antigone, of Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle, displays fine characteristics of a great female leader in order to stand up against male dominance for her religious, political, and personal beliefs. When the king denies her brother, Polynices,Read MoreSophocles As A Master Of Character Development1497 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles is one of the three great Athens tragic playwrights in Greek history. He has written over 120 plays in which they were performed into three tragedies known as the â€Å"Oedipus the King†. Although he has written 123 plays there are only seven of his tragedies remaining and with only a few titles and fragments remaining. The seven tragedies include Ajax, Antigone, Trachinian Women, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes, Oedipus at Colonus, and Trackers. Sophocles was considered to be a masterRead MoreSophocles Antigone: 441-442bc1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe period that Athens’ Sophocles lived in was a time of important changes to the traditional Greek ways of life. The most significant catalyst of change and concern of the period was democracy. From here stems ideas such as the nature, role and respect of and for the gods, and the individual. The drama of Antigone reflects these concerns in the context it was written through various ways. Athens in the middle of the fifth century BC was at the peak of its power. It attracted foreigners, writersRead MoreHuman Law Vs. Divine Law1487 Words   |  6 Pagesalso a link that being moral should be determined by either human law or divine law. The play â€Å"Antigone†, by Sophocles, shows the complexity of this certain concept of morality. Antigone must determine whether she should defy King Creon’s law in order to bury her brother, Polynices, or reject her own religious beliefs in order to maintain in the King’s good graces. At the same time, King Creon also has to determine what is right and wrong; he must decide if he should imprison and give the death sentenceRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Antigone and Creon1313 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles play titled Antigone, embellishes the opposing conflicts between Antigone who stands for the values of family, and Creon who stands for the values of state. Sophocles explores the depths of Antigone’s mora lity and the duty based on consequence throughout the play, as well as the practical consequences of Creon who is passionate and close-minded. Although Antigone’s moral decisions appear to be more logical and favorable than Creon’s, a personal argument would be that both characters’Read MoreUnderstanding Of Cultural And Contextual Consideration Of Antigone By Sophocles968 Words   |  4 Pagesconsideration of Antigone by Sophocles has developed. You must receive further information about the playwright, the role of women, and the symbols used in Antigone to have a full understanding of the play. Without the knowledge provided from the interactive orals, the play would not have been understood as well as it is now. To understand the importance and meaning of Antigone, you must understand the playwright and his purpose of writing the play. In his play, Sophocles illustrates the rival claims

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1779 Words

â€Å"Liars, Cheaters, and Rich People, Oh My!† The Great Gatsby is known for very many things. Many people loved the novel and the movie. It’s known for several things such as; rich people, the prohibition, fabulous parties thrown by Gatsby himself, and last but not least†¦. Marital issues and affairs!!! Some keep their personal business hush hush and others just don’t care if their spouses know about their mistresses. Cheaters, liars, and affairs are happening everywhere. Tom and Myrtle had something going from the very beginning and he didn’t mind people knowing it either, including his own wife and her own husband. He wanted to keep his marriage together but wasn’t willing to let go of the one thing apparently Daisy wasn’t giving or she†¦show more content†¦Myrtle had fun with her fling. They would all sit around and talk about how much they hated the person they were married too and Myrtle confirmed it seriously and violent ly. She hated her husband and ran him down like he was trash to her. They speculated about divorcing and moving away to the west and starting a new life together. But Tom did have some feelings for Daisy still. Every time Myrtle would mention her name, Tom would slap her so hard that her nose would break. When Wilson discovered that his wife and Tom had a relationship going on, he wanted to lock Myrtle up and move away as soon as possible. But Myrtle refused, she wanted to get away with Tom in the car she expected him to be in which caused her horrible death. It wasn’t Tom in that car that’s for sure. Going back to their first meeting, she kept thinking â€Å"you can’t live forever, you can’t live forever!†(Gatsby, pg. 38 l. 17-18). Some even thought that Myrtle began going crazy for Tom when she discovered he was extremely wealthy and she saw an opening where she could leave her boring and unpleasant life with her husband Wilson, so she tried her hardest to go for it. Tom was very sexually attracted to Myrtle because of naturalness and her constantly going after Tom and wanting him. He obviously didn’t get that affection or attention that much at his home with Daisy. Soon after Daisy and Tom married, Daisy stopped the admiration she had for Tom. The affection and spark between the two went away. Tom

Innovative Product Free Essays

Introduction Nowadays, innovative is an essential advantage in this dog-eat-dog market for every organization. Innovative can be everything that is new and not exist in current market, however in order to fulfill the gap in this demanding market, organizations must be very innovative to come out with new products and services. Organizations nowadays are recruiting employees who are creative and innovative because they are person who have sensitive antenna to sense and observe what the people want and need. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative Product or any similar topic only for you Order Now In current market, thermos water bottle is very common for people to store their drinks; because thermos water bottle allows people to keep their drinks cold or warm for a very short period of time. Therefore, there would be a gap exists where the people want to drink cold or hot beverage at anytime and anywhere they want. To fulfill this gap, DualBottle has came out as it is a thermos water bottle which has the function of heating and freezing the beverage inside the thermos water bottle at anytime the customer wants. In other words, DualBottle will act like a refrigerator to chill the water as cold as it can or heating up the water just like a water boiler. In the current market, there is no similar product that has the function like DualBottle and this innovative product will bring in another level of convenience to the consumers in the market. Hence, people may want this new product to be in the market. In fact, water bottle in the current market is only used for storing water and sometimes not even suitable to store hot water as some water bottles have no qualified certificate because it is made of lower quality of plastic. In addition, DualBottle enables people to get hot or cold water easily in their daily activities. In this assignment, we are going to discuss in-depth on market research of DualBottle and also new product descriptions and specifications. Market Research Direct competitors There are several direct competitors for DualBottle which they have the similar types of product in the same market such as heaters, coolers and normal water bottles. In this case, keeping on track on consequential technological innovations is very important for a particular company to maintain a competitive advantage in the market. Firstly, the innovative product will have certain competition and comparatives with those existing and well-known brand like Thermos, Zebra, Camelback, Klean Kanteen, SIGG, Cheeki, Eco vessel and many more. These brands are the direct competitors for the DualBottle because these brands produce quality stainless steel and aluminium water bottles similar to the DualBottle but of course every brand has its specialty of their own products such as the designs, different attractive colors, functions, specifications, future and its outlook. These brands are the main direct competitors for DualBottle because both these products from these brands have the similar functions of heat preservation and have these brands are historical as compared with the new product. Though our new innovative product, DualBottle can reheat and re-chill the drinks; however, the existing of the products can only help to maintain the heat and the warmness of the drinks. In fact, people may be more likely to choose old brand due to brand loyalty and influenced by the power of word of mouth. The brand new product might be very novel yet it is still under the observation period to attract and being recognized by the people. On the other hand, old products are more creditable and always have good comments from one consumer to another consumer. Indirect competitors Beside those direct competitors, there are a number of indirect competitors for the DualBottle. Indirect competitors are the competitors that compete with the DualBottle indirectly. For example refrigerators that can cool the water, this is an indirect competitor because households have refrigerators at home. So it is considered as an indirect competitor. On the other hand, the kettle and hot water flask are also indirect competitors to the DualBottle because at home people use kettle to boil water and hot water flask because the flask is to keep the hot water to remain hot. Other than that, Mineral waters that are sold in sundry shops, supermarkets, convenient shops, and other places are considered as indirect competitors because they have cold beverages and warm beverages separately. Instead of purchasing DualBottle, customers might just purchase mineral waters for daily usage. Besides that, water dispensers are the main indirect competitors because the DualBottle mostly targeted customers are people who work in office, travel daily and also students. Water dispensers are available in all colleges and offices. Hence, instead bringing the water bottles along with them, customers may prefer using the water dispenser for cold and warm drinks. So it is considered a main competitor to the DualBottle that competes in the market. Furthermore, companies such as Starbucks also are served as the indirect competitor for the new product. Although Starbucks specialized on producing good and tasty coffee, the company itself has launched their own tumbler which also has the similar function with this new product as tumbler can be used to fill up the hot beverages. Besides that, Starbucks also has a promotion for its own customers by using the tumbler when they purchase hot beverage. They can get the RM2 rebate by using the tumbler. Hence, most of the customers who loyal and fascinating in Starbucks will tend to purchase the tumbler to get better offer. This phenomenon also will be one of the issues for the launching of new product. Next, in terms of the future competition for the DualBottle where in this new era technology is growing in a fast pace, all the products that selling in the market already be advanced. In the past years, these products are not in existence. However, in today’s fast development society, these products cannot be left out and more innovative and modern products are being launched. Most of the young adults have strong interest in trying new products. When this situation happened, all of the past products might be left out. Thus, to consolidate the base of new product in the competitive market, branding should be taken into consideration. Future competitors not only on the products themselves, but also included the consumer behaviour in today’s society. There will be always new competitors that will enter the market because of the advance of the technology. Target customers The innovative product, water bottle thermos is designed to satisfy all the needs of the individual and company. Furthermore, targeted customers are normal people who travel a lot; they can keep warm or cold water together with them while travelling in the car or bus. For instance, long distance travellers can keep hot coffee in the DualBottle so they can drink it while travelling to keep them fresh. Besides that, we are also targeting DualBottle on working adults and students who usually face with busy and tight schedule where they may be even unable to have their proper meals. For example, an event executive, Amanda is too busy with her task and could not even find time to have her meals and so, with this DualBottle, she is now able to enjoy her favourite drinks either in hot or cold at anytime and anywhere even when she is busy. With our unique selling point of DualBottle, that is the ability to reheat and re-freeze the drinks quickly by using the steel casing in which making DualBottle appeared to be so practical; it may also attract many companies to purchase our product as it can provide a high level of convenience to their employees. Therefore, we may be indulging ourselves in both B2B and B2C market in order to gain higher market share respectively and establishing a strong position in the market. We strongly believe that targeting the right consumers will achieve a desirable benefit to our innovative product, DualBottle. New Product First of all, stainless steel water bottle maybe very common in this current market such as Thermos, Klean Kanteen, Thinksport, and Eco Vessel. In fact that, there are just normal insulated water bottles which can keep drinks cold or hot for a short period however; DualBottle is coming up with an innovative idea where the water bottle is chargeable in order to heat up the drinks or make the drinks chilled. Although it appears to be nothing different from ordinary bottle, DualBottle has a ‘magic’ function that cannot be found in the current market. The uniqueness that able to chill soft drinks or to retain temperature of warm Chinese tea with a tiny â€Å"plug and play† kind of component attached to make DualBottle more standout. Similarly to some other portable coolers, it uses thermoelectric cooling system concept to switch between two modes (cold and hot) with just a button. In line with technology advancement, DualBottle is designed with an external component that can be attached from the bottom of the bottle and it is contacted with a metal plate to serve as conductor in order to transmit cold and heat. Meanwhile, instead of operating in 12 or 24 volts direct current (DC) which is similar to mini fridge, we would replace the battery storage with a 2800 milli-Ampere-hour (mAh) rechargeable battery. For instance, two hours are required to get the battery fully charged and it could be used for ten consecutive hours. Besides, there would be two different ways to charge the battery component by using direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). It would be more convenient as users do not need to plug-on direct current or alternating current in order to use of the function because there would be power reserved in battery component. Additionally, DualBottle will have an automatic power switch off when the water temperature is heated up to 70 °C and the water temperature is chilled down to 3 °C to 5 °C. On the other hand, DualBottle can be presented more innovative by introducing another range of models that uses solar energy as an optional charging method therefore; the battery can be charged automatically whenever solar heat is stored. Moreover, when users do not feel like using the function, they could always remove the external component to function it as ordinary bottles like Bros, Sigg and Zebra. In addition, DualBottle is chargeable by using USB port charger and car power adapter as well, this idea enables users to charge DualBottle whenever they want. In fact, DualBottle can act more than a common water bottle where it can perform as a water warmer to keep the beverage warm for 4-6 hours because of the double-wall insulation designed; then it also can act as a water heater to heat up the beverage up to 70 °C, lastly it perform as a water cooler to hill the beverage down to 3 °C. Forget about the traditional design of Thermos bottle in which it looked heavy with stainless steel silver colour; DualBottle would design the products with relatively new colours and standout themes. DualBottle would look more colorful and attractive by adding some printings on it, the designs can be plain but sharp colors and candy colours, animal prints for fancy female group, and users can even print their pictures or words on DualBottle. To target different types of customers, DualBottle would allow customers to choose their favourite colour and design or to custom-made their bottle by choosing what design, features, function, colour, and engrave their name on the bottle. Besides, it would be designed for easy to carry by attaching a strap and also slim fit exterior outlook of the bottle. Meanwhile, the cover cap of DualBottle would be anti-leaking water designed which are made by rubber and plastic. It would be easier to design the bottle with open-close cover, instead of using rubber grip cap cover. However, there are also pros and cons to adopt the design of open-close cover. For instance, rubber grip cap cover can have better prevention of losing the water temperature in the bottle as compared with the open-close cover. As people are more health conscious nowadays, DualBottle uses stainless steel, aluminium and bisphenol A (BPA) free as inner bottle materials in production line hence; it would not be harmful to the users. Since a metal plate would acts as an electrical conductor to heat up or chill cold the drinks; stainless steel, aluminium and BPA free plastic materials are not an issue to end-users. In general, DualBottle has three different kinds of bottles but they perform the same function for users. This is because to target different group of customers as stainless steel material is usually expensive, aluminium material is on the average price, and plastic material would be cheaper. Nevertheless, high quality of stainless steel materials are usually weigh heavier as compared to aluminium and plastic materials; so materials made of DualBottle might be affect the weight of product but however, DualBottle has only two standardized bottle volume which are 500ml and 750ml. To be a part of contributing towards environmental friendly program, we would to use recycle materials if possible. The quality of the product must be proven through some international recognized authorities like FDA (US Food Drug Administration), LFGB (Europe Food Contact Material Standard), ISO (International Organization for Standardization), and SIRIM (Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia). Besides, DualBottle would only use high quality of electric thermos which it is also often used by Thermos, Klean Kanteen, and La Gourmet; this is to ensure that DualBottle can produce high quality products instead of using cheap materials. With the fact that the production cost might not be cheap and therefore it is expected that DualBottle is placed in high quality and high price position. Conclusion In the current market, thermos water bottle is frequently used by the people to store their drinks and keeping their drinks cold or warm for only a very short period of time. Our group has established the gap within the market where people may want to enjoy cold or hot drinks at the anytime and anywhere in their daily life. Thus, we have come out with an innovative product called â€Å"DualBottle†. In developing DualBottle, it is apparent that we will be facing those direct competitors like Thermos, Klean Kanteen, Sigg, and Zebra which have dominated the market for quite a long time in producing thermos water bottle. However, these products only consists the function of preserving heat and not heating or freezing like what DualBottle can do. On the other hand, we also will be facing some of the indirect competitors in the market like water dispenser companies, mineral water companies, some electrical companies that produces kettle and water boiler and even Starbucks as they had launched their own brand tumbler to increase loyalty of their customers. The DualBottle is targeted at travellers, students and working adults who may be very eventful and does not even have the time to sit down and enjoy their drinks. Thus, the ability of DualBottle to heat and freeze drinks enable these people to have a moment of pleasure on their favourite drinks either in hot or cold. The practical side of DualBottle may attract companies to buy in bulk from us in order to supply to their employees as it is very convenient to their daily activities. DualBottle introduces a function where it can be heated up the beverage or chilled the beverage in water bottle by only clicking a button. This function can be done by attaching a metal plate which acts as conductor on the bottom of the inner bottle and then an external component to act as battery to transmit energy. In additional, the external battery is actually an external component which can be attached or removed from the bottle. It is easy to charge by using adapter, USB port, car power adapter, and also solar energy. Moreover, Dualbottle design the bottle by using 3 different kinds of materials which include stainless steel, aluminium, and plastic. There are all having the same performance and with 2 standardized capacity volume of bottle which are 500ml and 750ml. DualBottle may obtain international certificates by government organizations to prove that the bottles are safe to use and has no harms to health. Besides, it would be having attractive outlook as the designs are standout and DualBottle enables customers to custom-made their bottle as well. The cover cap of bottle may be open-close cover design because of convenience and anti-leaking purpose. In conclusion, DualBottle is a high quality dual-function bottle and hence, it would be also selling at higher price. Reference list Alicia,2009. Top 5 Stainless Steel Water Bottles. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 2nd April 2012] Better Bottle Stainless, 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 3rd April 2012] Hydro Flask, 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 3rd April 2012] Klean Kanteen, 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 4th April 2012] Shop Naturally, 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 4th April 2012] SIGG Design Bottles, 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 3rd April 2012] Zazzle water bottles, 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed on 4th april 2012] How to cite Innovative Product, Essay examples

Taxation Law and Practice Residency & Assessable Income

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law and Practice Residency Assessable Income. Answer: Determining the tax residency The tax residency status of an individual tax payer provides estimation that what portion of the income is assessable for the taxation that is derived either from domestic sources or from foreign sources. As per the Section 6-5(3) of the Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA), 1997[1], in case of foreign tax resident only the amount of proceeds that are generated with in Australia are considered for the assessable income. Therefore, it is essential to determine the tax residency status of the taxpayer in order to comment on the accessibility of incomes received from various sources. In the process of determining the tax residency status in case of an individual taxpayer, subsection 6(1) of ITAA, 1936 would be considered. There are lots of parameters under various tax rulings and case laws that can be applied to determine the tax residency. TR 98/17[2] is one of the imperative tax rulings that highlight the major tests to find the tax residency[3]. These tests are applied on a taxpayer in order to determine the tax residency for given financial year. These tests are highlighted below: 183 day Test: This test is applicable only when the concerned taxpayer is a foreign resident. Superannuation Test: This test is applicable only for the government officers who are residing in foreign land in order to complete their duties. Resides Test: This test is applicable only when the concerned taxpayer is a foreign resident. Domicile Test: This test is applicable only when the concerned taxpayer is an Australian resident. In the present case, Domicile test is applicable because the concerned taxpayer is an Australian resident. A detailed discussion of domicile test is as highlighted below: Domicile Test: There are mainly two conditions of the domicile test that need to be satisfied on behalf of the taxpayer in order to recognised as Australian tax resident for the respective financial year[4]. It is essential that the taxpayer must possess Australian Domicile as per Domicile Act 1982. The permanent residence as highlighted in the decision of Levene v. I.R.C.[5] case must be situated within Australia for the respective financial year It is noteworthy that if the concerned taxpayer does not satisfy both the above highlighted conditions, then the taxpayer would not be termed as Australian tax resident under domicile test. In application of the above tests, domicile determination is rather straightforward but the same cannot be said about the ascertaining of permanent abode location which is usually fraught with high degree of subjectivity and hence requires further assistance. The imperative tax ruling IT 2650 is used to comment on the aspects related to the ascertaining of the underlying location of the permanent residence[6]. These aspects are essential because the tax commissioner would use the below mentioned aspects while deciding on the permanent abode location[7]. Total stay in the foreign land, when the taxpayer is outside from Australia then the difference between the actual duration of stay and intended duration of stay would be considered. The reason/purpose on the part of the taxpayer to stay in the foreign land Rate of visits, which involves how many times the resident is going and staying on the foreign land Location of the asset and residential essential to the taxpayers such as rent or lease and so forth Any particular act on taxpayers part that indicates the willingness to reside outside from Australia on a permanent basis. Intensity of the personal and professional bonds of the taxpayer in Australia during the period of abroad stay also plays an imperative role in this regards, A critical aspect with regards to application of the test is to understand the contours of the word permanent which gives the perception that a permanent shift of the taxpayer from Australia would cause relocation of the permanent abode. However, this is not true. The F.C. of T. v. Applegate[8] case is the testimony in this context. According to this case, the concerned taxpayer who was having an Australian domicile was sent overseas for some professional work, then the long term duration of the stay in the overseas would be a significant parameter to decide the permanent abode of the taxpayer. In such cases, if the intended time of stay in the foreign land is not defined but the taxpayer has a strong will to go back to Australia in future after the work is finished, then the taxpayer would be considered as foreign tax resident. But, due to critical reason such as diseases, health issues he/she came back to Australia on permanent basis then also he/she would be recognised as foreign tax resident for the years which he /she has spent in the foreign land irrespective of the significant difference between the actual stay and intended stay in overseas. It is apparent that the concerned taxpayer Peter is an Australian resident and engaged in the profession of a guitarist in a well-known band in Australia. It has been found by the taxpayers that the band can get huge success in England and thus, the band members along with Peter decide to go to England. Taxpayer Peter has a strong willingness to return to Australia after getting significant popularity in England. In order to collect the requisite fund, Peter had a house which he rented and also sold his car and shares. When the band members and Peter had arrived in England, they had leased a house for 1 year. As estimated by the band member, a significant popularity was obtained by the band and derived subsequent proceeds, prices and royalties on the album sold along with live shows. In August 2017, it had been decided by members to return back to Australia and in October 2017, they came back to Australia. Additionally, Peter had leased the house with a validation till end of the yea r 2018 and thus, Peter had to make a stay in a rented house located in Australia. It is apparent that Peter is having an Australian domicile under the Domicile Act 1982. It means he satisfied one of the essential of domicile test. Moreover, in regards to comment on the permanent abode of Peter, it is apparent that he has leased his permanent house located in Australia and shifted to England for professional course of work for acquiring requisite popularity of band. It is evident that Peter does not have any clear idea regarding the duration of stay in England but expects it to be of long enough to stretch into years. Hence, he has leased his house for substantial period of time i.e. end of year 2018. This indicates that there is very less possibilities regarding the early return of Peter. Therefore, it can be concluded that for the time period, which he has spent in England, it would be considered that Peter had shifted the permanent abode and thus, he would be recognized as foreign tax resident as per the leading case F.C. of T. v. Applegate (1979) ATC 4307 case. Assessable income The tax treatment of an Australian tax resident under the provisions of Section 6-5(2) of ITAA, 1997[9] takes into consideration both foreign income as well as domestic income for the purposes of tax accessibility. This is in stark contract with a foreign tax resident for whom only income derived from sources situated in Australia would be taxable. Since, Peter is not an Australian tax resident, hence only sources located in Australia are eligible to contribute towards assessable income. According to the Australian tax law, there are two main parts of assessable income as identified below. Ordinary income as per Section 6(5) of ITAA, 1997 As name suggests, any income earned or derived from ordinary source of income such as due to investment, dividend, rental or lease amount, interest amount, professional works or through personal exertion are termed as ordinary income. There is no specific ruling or provision given in the statue for the ordinary income specifying the exact sources and thus, the leading case law and their verdicts are considered for the determination whether the income is assessable under the ordinary income concepts or not[10]. Moreover, any proceeds derived on the account of the royalty for the professional work would also be termed as assessable income under the ordinary income concept of TR 98/1 if the same is derived from skills related to profession. Also, profession related prize money as per the arguments in Scott v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation[11]would also contribute to ordinary income. Statutory income as per Section 6(10) of ITAA, 1997 One of the key components of statutory income is capital gains on which application of capital gains tax or CGT takes place. The income derived on liquidation of a capital asset would result the capital receipts and, if the capital gains is obtain than capital gains, then the same would be taxable as per the provision of CGT[12]. Moreover, capital gains received from a personal use asset that are used by the taxpayer for personal work or for entertainment would not liable for CGT under the Section 108-20(2), ITAA 1997[13]. Moreover, fifty percent discount would be validated for the concerned Australian resident taxpayer on the received long term capital gains as per the Division 115 ITAA, 1997[14]. Application Case facts Therefore, the income derived in Australia only would be liable for the computation of assessable income as per the provision of Section 6-5(3). For income tax year 2016 Sale of car Exempt from the capital gains tax Section 108-20(2) No assessable income Sale of shares Long term capital gains (Peter is not liable to get 50% discount because he is foreign tax resident in 2016) assessable income ($11000 - $5000) = $6000 ARIA award amount Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income ($20,000) Proceeds due to good performance Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income ($140,000) Lease amount results from the leased house located in Australia Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income For income tax year 2017 Royalty amount Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income ($30,000) ARIA award amount Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income ($10,000) Lease amount results from the leased house located in Australia Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income For income tax year 2018 Lease amount results from the leased house located in Australia Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income Royalty amount received after returned back to Australia Ordinary income Section 6(5) assessable income ($4,000) It is noteworthy that the income received from the foreign source (while residing in England) would not be considered as assessable income because in that period of time he is termed as foreign resident. References Websites Australian Taxation Office: Taxation Rulings: TR 98/17-Income tax: residency status of individuals entering Australia (25 November 1998), https://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/rulings/ato/ATOTR/1998/tr1998-017/ ATO, Guide to capital gains tax, https://www.ato.gov.au/Tax-professionals/TP/Guide-to-capital-gains-tax-2016/ Commonwealth Consolidated Acts: Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 SECT 6.5. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s6.5.html ATO, INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997, https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?DocID=PAC/19970038/6-5 Books Sadiq, Kerrie, et. al., Principles of Taxation Law 2015, (Pymont,Thomson Reuters, 2015) Deutsch, Robert, et. al., Australian tax handbook. (Pymont, Thomson Reuters, 2015) Relevant Statutes Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936 Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997 Case laws Levene v. I.R.C. (1928) A.C.217 F.C. of T. v. Applegate (1979) ATC 4307

Abortion misc3 essays

Abortion misc3 essays Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. This type of abortion is commonly known as a miscarriage. Other abortions are induced. Induced abortions are intentionally brought on, either because a pregnancy is unwanted or presents a risk to a womans health. Induced abortion has become one of the most ethical and philosophical issues of the late 20th century. Modern medical techniques have made induced abortions simpler and less dangerous. But in the United States, the debate over abortion has led to legal battles in the courts, in the Congress of the United States, and state legislatures. It has proven to be spilled over into confrontations, which are sometimes violent, at clinics where abortions are performed. There are many different methods in having an abortion. Induced abortions are performed using one of several methods. The safest and most useful and appropriate method is determined by the age of the fetus, or the length of pregnancy, which is calculated from the beginning of the pregnant womans last menstrual period. Most pregnancies last an average of 39 to 40 weeks, about 9 months. This period of time is broken up into three parts known as trimesters. The first trimester is the first 13 weeks, the second trimester is from the 14 to 24 week and the third trimester lasts from the 25th week to birth. Abortions in the first trimester of pregnancy are easier and safer to perform, that is because the fetus is smaller. Abortions in the second and third trimesters are more complicated procedures, which present greater risks to a womans health. In the United States, a pregnant womans risk ...

How does Shakespeare build up the contrast between love and hate in Act 1 scene 5 Essay Example

How does Shakespeare build up the contrast  between love and hate in Act 1 scene 5 Essay Example How does Shakespeare build up the contrast  between love and hate in Act 1 scene 5 Paper How does Shakespeare build up the contrast  between love and hate in Act 1 scene 5 Paper The play Romeo and Juliet is about the relationship between two young people who are from feuding families. The two lovers are basically doomed from the start, as we can see from the title of the prologue The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Tragedy tells us that it the story will end in disaster, which it does. The prologue gives us an outline of the story telling us a brief history of the two families and what happens to Romeo and Juliet. The first few lines tell us about Two households alike in dignity. Dignity shows us that the two families are dignified, and probably have a good reputation in the city.We also see that they are very alike. Despite the families high standard, their mutiny is an act of rebellion against the prince; their fighting could put the whole city of Verona in danger. After telling us about the two families, the prologue then tells us about the fate of Romeo and Juliet. They were both born from the fatal loins of their parents, loins meaning the reproductive ar ea and fatal meaning anything made from them is doomed. This shows an idea of fate; as soon as they are born they are destined to die.The lovers are described as star crossed, their destiny is all planned out for them. Star crossed has probably got something to do with astrology, something people believed strongly in during Shakespeares time, because people believed that if stars or plants crossed each others path it meant good or bad things would happen. The whole reason why they die is because of their parents strife, the parents hold the grudge against each other strongly, hence the word strife, but Romeo and Juliet dont care about it, they bury their parents strife. On reading the prologue, the audiences will feel that because of the feud the story will end in tragedy as a result.Act 1 scene 5 is important in the play because this is when Romeo and Juliet first see each other and instantly fall in love. To contrast this, it is also where they will see Tybalt at his most furious and threatening. The audience will have a feeling something bad will happen in the scene because Romeo is unwelcome at the ball as a Montague. Romeos premonition of something bad happening will be proved right because of him gate crashing, as we can see from Tybalts anger. Romeos presence at the ball is obviously going to cause trouble, and him wanting to see a Capulet girl wont help much either, Romeo flirting with Juliet increases Tybalts determination to get revenge on RomeoAct 1 scene 5 is all set in the Capulet house, during a ball, so Shakespeare had to create an appropriate atmosphere for it. The atmosphere he creates is jovial, exciting and happy. The constant bustle of the servants creates a fast paced, exciting atmosphere. Wheres Potpan, that he helps not to take away? this develops the idea of the servants bustling about. The atmosphere is made welcoming by Capulet greeting them in a friendly manner, Welcome gentlemen! this make the guests feel accepted and protected in C apulets hands. The audience may feel anxious about the friendly atmosphere suddenly turning sour because of Tybalts reaction to Romeos arrival. The atmosphere is quickly brought back down to stable by Capulet, as he stops Tybalt doing anything brash as he wants his ball to go well.In lines 43-52 Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, and her beauty overwhelms him. He describes Juliet as something extremely precious and bright, that her beauty makes her stand out from the rest of the crowd. Romeo says a list of contrasts which describe her, a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear being one of them. This gives the audience an image of a bright jewel against a black persons skin. This develops the idea of light against dark. This makes Juliet seem like an extraordinary person who stands out well against the mundane crowd.In lines 53-91 Tybalt has just noticed Romeos presence and in return he is furious. He could recognize the masked Romeo because of his typical Montague way of talking in rhyme, as we can see from This, by his voice, should be a Montague. So obviously Tybalt has grown accustomed to the Montagues way of speaking. Tybalts reaction is, again, impulsive and violent, Fetch me my rapier, boy. Tybalt instantly wants to fight, despite all the guests and the chance of ruining his uncles ball. Tybalt thinks the only reason Romeo has came to the ball is to mock the Capulets efforts, this fuels his hatred for Romeo, urging him on to fight. Tybalt uses words which show hate, like villain many times. This shows he thinks Romeo an enemy. This contrasts with Romeos little speech, as he used words that showed love and affection, Tybalts words show hate and loathing.Capulet isnt too happy with Romeos arrival at the ball, but he still doesnt let Tybalt fight him. He tells Tybalt to calm himself down and leave Romeo alone. He goes on to say that Verona brags of him and he is a well governed youth. This suggests that Capulet is not automatically assuming that Romeo is bad, and is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Capulet is acting like this because he doesnt want his ball ruined by a fight, or maybe because he is feeling very friendly. Also, the Montagues are his guests, so he has a duty to protect them anyway. Capulet starts to get angry about arguing with Tybalt, he starts to talk in a hushed voice, -You are a princox go: be quiet or- he is about to threaten Tybalt, showing that he can be just as angry as Tybalt can get, but he still has to attend to his guests.When Tybalt has stopped arguing with Capulet, he storms off threatening Romeo. He says that the intrusion that presently seems so sweet and innocent shall develop into bitterest gall, a strong hatred. Tybalt is saying that because he cannot avenge Romeos intrusion, at the moment, he will get him in the future with a lot more brutality. Tybalt has made the atmosphere very uneasy and the audience may feel a strong hatred linger.After this the play goes back to Romeo and Juliet, so the mood is sw itched back to love from hate. The two lovers are talking to each other in a sonnet. A sonnet is very appropriate in this section, because sonnets were a popular way of writing poetry about love. The lovers may or may not be aware that they are talking in a sonnet, but either way it shows love. Romeo speaks the first quatrain using imagery to describe his and Juliets hand as pilgrims worshipping at a shrine. He flatters her by saying that his unworthiest hand is profaning her hand, the holy shrine, so his lips, the two blushing pilgrims are ready to soften the roughness with a tender kiss.Romeo is hinting that he wants to kiss her hand. Juliet says in her reply, the second quatrain, that Romeos hand shows proper devotion in what is doing, and saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch, she is suggesting that they hold hands instead of kissing straight away. She also says palm to palm is holy palmers kiss; she might be saying that it will still be like a kiss if they just hold ha nds. Romeo and Juliet then share the third quatrain. Romeo starts by asking if saints have lips as well as palmers, again developing the idea of Romeo wanting to kiss her, but this time on the lips. Juliet says they do have lips, lips they must use in prayer. Romeo cleverly turns this into a reason to kiss her, by saying let lips do what hands do! meaning hands touch when they pray, so their lips should touch. So Romeo kisses Juliet on the lips, and they are about to start another sonnet, but the nurse needs to talk with Juliet.The nurse tells Juliet that her mothers craves a word with her. Romeo is curious, about this, so he asks What is her mother? This is when reality breaks in on Romeo and drags him out of his happiness, the nurse replies Her mother is the lady of the house, so she is Lady Capulet, therefore Juliet is a Capulet, his enemy. Romeo has a very shocked reaction to this, he says his life is my foes debt, he thinks that he owes his life to his enemy, who is also his lo ver.Act 1 scene 5 is extremely important in the play because it is the main point of Romeo and Juliets relationship. It is also important because it is the starting point of Tybalts vengeance seeking with the Montages that will result in two deaths, Mercutios and his own. The contrast Shakespeare has built up is very strong, with the sensitive, gentle love between Romeo and Juliet, and the strong hatred from Tybalt. This scene sets out what will happen later on the play, the strong feelings of love and hate and the deaths, and the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet.

In What Ways Has the United Nations Organisation Influenced the Essay

In What Ways Has the United Nations Organisation Influenced the Conduct of Diplomacy - Essay Example Attitudes toward the UN are based on having governmental and international interference. This affiliation makes it easier for the government to work toward a resolution while national involvement with the conflict becomes secondary (Ernst, 1037: 2008). Actions of the UN The United Nations has not only suggested and become involved with resolving conflict at earlier stages. There are also initiatives that have been propagated and organized by the UN which serve individuals in various countries. An approach which has been taken is multilateralism. This strategy is based on diplomats of several countries working together to provide solutions to foreign affairs. Often, larger states work unilaterally to create a different approach to solving problems. Foreign policies, interference from governments working together and the development of councils in various countries to enhance the security of a nation are some of the outcomes of this approach. The security enhancement and other policies that have been implemented as a result can work to take proactive measures against conflict while ensuring that individuals have the capacity of overcoming challenges now emerging at a global and national level. Peacekeeping operations, government diplomacy, economic recovery, assistance with health programs and climate negotiations are some of the several programs that have developed as a result of this concept (Plenum, 2011). The concept of multilateralism works to overcoming challenges and to move into a higher sense of diplomacy. The UN has the ability to intervene and provide changes with the governance offered with the associations between nations. Intergovernmental organizations are able to work with finding solutions while offering higher security. If... This paper approves that the concept of foreign policy and the soft power of the UN are furthered by the overall sense of political barriers that naturally form within nations. The use of foreign policies and the need to have legalities within a specific nation is one that causes most who are in nations to be forced to take sides. The main view that is seen always has an opposing view, even when there is a common purpose. The conflict then comes from tensions that can’t be resolved by those in the UN or other regions and builds a sense of ideological interests that continue with the conflicts of various nations. This report makes a conclusion that the concept of diplomacy is one that is continuously being altered and re-defined. The United Nations organization has used various measures to change this particular outcome and to influence the way in which diplomacy works. The association with diplomacy is one that is regulated by education, suggestions and the overall ideologies that the UN has created. This is combined with the legal implications that the UN can reinforce and the agendas that are carried out by NGOs and other non – governmental organizations. These are all able to work by changing the influence within the UN. However, there is often the inability to create influence because of foreign policies and the nature of various governments. While the UN is able to spread specific levels of diplomacy through mediation and education, the limitations rely on national governments and the main approaches used to creating a sense of peace resolution and diplomacy within the region.

Research proposal-Anxiety levels of a new graduate family nurse Essay

Research proposal-Anxiety levels of a new graduate family nurse practitioners (FNP's) - Essay Example Results shall have implications on the means to facilitate the learning process and make it as effective, efficient, and as less stressful as possible. Numerous empirical studies have noted that nursing as a profession is intense and stressful. In fact, it has been noted that the likelihood of occupational stress-related burnout is specifically high in this field (BÃ ©gat, Ellefsen, & Severinsson, 2005). In fact, nurses’ psychosocial work environment, including their experience of anxiety and stress level, does strongly influence their sense of well-being (BÃ ©gat, Ellefsen, & Severinsson, 2005). The current study asserts that newly graduate nurses, particularly those in family practice settings, similarly experience stressful situations. Such stress may be discussed in light of the framework proposed by Benner (1982) taking off from the work begun by Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1980), which depicts the learning process undergone in becoming an expert in the profession (Benner, 1982). These stages, beginning from novice and incrementally progressing to expertise level, have been specially adapted to the learning stages that a nurse goes through (Davidson, 1992). The current study aims to determine the anxiety levels of new graduate family nurse practitioners in family practice settings. Apart from establishing these levels, these shall also be compared across time, through 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. In doing so, the research may impart data on how to address these anxieties, and to effectively expedite the learning process. Menzies (1960) investigation of nursing services in a general hospital is popular, and depicts numerous ways of dealing with the intense and complicated anxieties arising from the job. Nurses are in intensive and frequent contact with people who are physically ill or injured, often gravely. The recovery of patients is uncertain and will not always be

Art and Protest Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art and Protest Paper - Essay Example It is what makes us be well rounded and thoughtful human beings. Art exists in our daily life Art is created when a person, with the intention of joining another person or other people to himself so as to share one feeling expresses that feeling through certain external actions. To give an example: if a boy experiences, let us say, fear after encountering a wolf and relates to that that encounter, he may narrate that encounter to others in order to evoke the feeling of what he has experienced in other people. Even if the boy had not encountered a wolf but he was afraid of one, he may decide to evoke this fear in others by inventing an encounter with a wolf which he recounts to his listeners. This is a form of art. In the same way, it is art if a man, who has experienced either the attraction of enjoyment or the fear of suffering, expresses his feelings in marble or on canvas so that others share in these feelings. It is also art if a man imagines feelings and decides to express them through sounds so as to affect their feelings (Karen 2). Source: http://protestgraffiti.blogspot.com/ We cannot deny that art comprises a large portion of our daily life that we hardly even pause to think about it (Jasper 130). Everything we use from tables, desks are works of art because somebody designed them. That is art. We can as well define art as something that is functional and in most cases aesthetically pleasing the eyes. Art is always in a constantly changing state making it difficult to pin down a specific definition to it. The type of art will differ from one artist to another. For some, art is used as a means expression through the creation of fictional characters. For others, it is the establishment of a world no one else has seen (Jasper 140).   When it comes to writing, each and every writer is different. Some writers may spend an entire paragraph describing how a character moves across a room while other will directly state that the character moved across the roo m. Some will use a ton of punctuations when writing their poetry; others use just the basic amount, while others don't use any punctuation at all.  Some poets will always use perfectly rhyming words while others will prefer an open verse. A good example is Rick Riordan, a top seller yet he is a simplistic writer. In contrast Stephanie Meyer uses a lot of detail and is also a top seller. Writing As Art Using the stroke of a paintbrush, a painter expresses himself on the canvas. Add more paint, broader strokes, different colors and the artist gets an image, a creation. Just like a painter, with the stroke of his pen, a writer begins a creation, a work of art. By arranging words and sentences, the writer creates a big picture just like a painter uses paint and brush to produce a picture. Art involves creating significant or beautiful portrayals. When we picture the things that stir us and move us emotionally, many of them are pieces of writing. Some of them are hundreds of years old, but they still contain the power to elicit visceral and powerful responses. When we think of any sonnets by William Shakespeare, Martin Luther King’s ‘I Have A Dream’ speech or the Declaration of Independence we are reminded of the emotional moments when they were read out (Hooper 65). The word contained in these writings are no less powerful today than the when they were first heard yet it is many years since they were composed. This is the essence of art, to evoke emotions. There are hundreds of

Musical Psychotherapy: History, Effects, and Applications

Musical Psychotherapy: History, Effects, and Applications Samah El Saadi Abstract We all enjoy music as a form of art but we rarely take into consideration the effect of the music that we listen to. Music therapy is using music in a therapeutic manner in order to recover or stabilize a mental, physical or psychological state. This review will introduce music therapy and trace its origins back in history, and then it will give an insight on music related neurosciences explaining what parts of the brain and neurotransmitters are involved. Music can affect us on many different levels; however, this review will focus on the ability of music to aid in psychotherapy. It is important to highlight that the potential power within music can be either constructive or destructive depending on the choice of music. Musical Psychotherapy What is music therapy and what are the origins? Everyone sees music as a form of art that they enjoy playing or dancing on its rhythms as they tend to develop a preference to certain type of rhythms. However, seldom do people think of the impact of music on their health although through their experiences with music they would know that their favorite type of music can make them feel relaxed, happy or even anxious. But have you ever considered music as a form of therapy? Research showed that music does have an effect on our health and it can be either positive or negative depending on the music, yet these effects are mediated through psychology and neurosciences (News in Health [NIH], 2010). Music therapy is applying music as a tool in order to improve, stabilize or restore an emotional, mental, or physical health. It is conducted by accredited music therapists who are able to skillfully use music and music elements in assessing patients, developing treatment plans, evaluating progresses and contribute in research (Music Therapy Association [MTAO], 2010). Music therapists plan music sessions for individuals or groups and may use active or passive approaches in the therapy depending on the patients’ need. The therapy may include listening to music, making music, talking about the lyrics or even writing songs, but definitely it is not restricted to people with musical abilities. Since music is accessible everywhere, music therapy is not limited to a place and sessions can be arranged at homes, hospitals, hospices, care centers or any calm place people may prefer (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2008). The nonverbal emotional entity of music makes it a universal langu age that can ease the self-expression, personal development and social interactions which would aid in psychotherapy. Music can always have a positive impact on people whether they are ill, disabled or perfectly healthy (MTAO, 2010). The principle of therapeutic use of music is not new, ancient cultures were aware of music power which for some was part of their traditional healing practices such as the case of Native Americans (ACS, 2008). The musical power of healing was marked in different ethnic ancient inscriptions like that of Rome, India, China and Egypt (Music as Medicine, 2014), as it was mentioned in the writings of Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, Pythagoras and Plato (ACS, 2008). However the modern music therapy dates back to World War II when music was used to help in the treatment of soldiers who were suffering from shell shock, and it was in 1944 when Michigan State University initiated the first degree program in music therapy (ACS, 2008). Music related neurosciences For many years research was ongoing to understand the means of action of music and why it does have this strong impact on our lives. Since the impact is mediated neurologically, scientists intensively investigated the brain regions and with the help of the emerging imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) they noticed that it activates unexpected regions involved in emotions and memory, in addition to the brain’s motor regions that are responsible for coordinating physical movements. The neuroscientist Dr. Petr Janata in his recent studies proved that the area of the brain serving as a central hub between music, emotions and memories is the medial prefrontal cortex. In an attempt to understand the medial prefrontal cortex activity, young adults were subjected to extracts of childhood songs while being monitored with fMRI and it was noticed that the activity was optimal when they heard a familiar song that call to mind an emotion or memory (NIH, 2 010). Dr. Janata stated that in Alzheimer patients the medial prefrontal cortex is one of the last brain regions to deteriorate, hence this explains why patients with Alzheimer may recall childhood tunes whereas other memories are lost. In further investigation on the medial prefrontal cortex activity, Dr. Allen Braun and Dr. Charles Limb monitored via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner the medial prefrontal cortex in a jazz musician as he played his music. The doctors noticed that the region was not active when the musician played a memorized tune; however, it became active when the musician was improvising concluding that the medial prefrontal cortex also has a role in the creative expression of music (NIH, 2010). Going deeper into the music impact on the neurological level, an experiment was done to check the neurotransmitters involved and the time of their release. Via the ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET) scientists discovered that music triggers dopamine release in both the dorsal and ventral striatum. Nevertheless, this discovery was not surprising since dopamine is known to be responsible for the pleasure sensation whether due to sex, drugs or just music. But the more interesting discovery was the monitoring of the increase in dopaminergic voxels in the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) preceding a favorite part and peaking when the favorite part was reached. The phase of increased dopaminergic voxels prior to the favorite part was termed Anticipatory phase, as depicted in the figure 1, and it prepares us for the subsequent musical part that we love and will cause the dopamine peek giving us the pleasure sensation (Salimpoor et al, 2011). To have a better understanding, scientists took a closer look on the music itself. Early theories about music argued that we get affected by music through the connotative meanings and mental images that it reflects; however, according to the musicologist Leonard Meyer it is the ambiguity and not knowing what the next note will be is what keeps us waiting in excitement. Repetitive expected patterns in music is boring and can be annoying like an alarm clock, hence it is the unpredictable patterns that give us the chills. Meyer stated that the uncertainty is what triggers the release of dopamine as we try to figure out what the next note is. We may be able to predict some of the notes but not all of them and that is what cause our brains to plead for those notes that will unleash the uncertainty and completes the pattern, yet these notes are usually spared till the end to keep us listening (WIRED, 2011). Music therapy in clinical trials Now that we had an insight on the neuroscience that relies behind the effects of music, we should note that music has effects on both physical level and psychological level. Some of the physical effects are enhancing immunity, decreasing anxiety, and altering the blood pressure and heart rate (NIH, 2010), whereas at the psychological level music has the power to alter our mood and aid in psychotherapy. In this review we will be focusing on the psychological effects and its role in psychotherapy. Several clinical trials have been conducted in order to ensure the effectiveness of music therapy. In a clinical trial 46 patients diagnosed with depression were randomly separated into two groups. Group 1 was subjected to the standard care that includes antidepressant medication, psychotherapy and psychiatric counseling, whereas group 2 underwent 60 min music therapy sessions in addition to the standard care. The patients were assessed after 3 months and results showed that people who received music-therapy had less depressive symptoms from those who didn’t. Professor Christian Gold, one of the two study leaders, said: Music therapy has specific qualities that allow people to express themselves and interact in a non-verbal way even in situations when they cannot find the words to describe their inner experiences.† (Erkkilà ¤ et al, 2011). Another similar clinical trial that was done on 79 patients with low- and medium-grade depression revealed results that reinforces the ones that were retrieved by the first clinical trial mentioned here (Castillo-Perez et al, 2010). In a clinical trial on 80 schizophrenic patients, 42 patient where assigned to do music therapy for 60 minutes twice a week while 38 other patients were assigned to undergo standard care. After 3-month follow-up the results indicated improvement in the depression status and psychiatric symptoms of the patients (Lu et al, 2013). It is important to note that there is dose-effect relationship in music therapy by which more recurrent sessions would result in more considerable improvements (Gold et al, 2009). Can music be destructive? The power of music is just like any other power that can be either constructive or destructive depending on the usage. Nice music can lift you up and motivate you, but on the contrary sad or violent music can be destructive. In a study published in 2003 by the American Psychological Association (APA), researchers from Iowa State University examined the effect of violent lyrics by which they made students listen to seven violent songs and 8 nonviolent songs being sung by the same artist and using the same musical style in order to control the other factors, and then they were assessed for their aggressive thoughts and feelings through psychological tasks. The results showed an increase in the aggressive interpretations where Dr. Anderson, a lead researcher, stated that violent and aggressive music makes people biased toward aggressive interpretations, and this form of interpretations will eventually manifest in aggressive verbal and physical expressions and antisocialism (APA, 2003). What complicate things more is the fact that classification of music as beneficial or destructive can be subjective. In an investigative study 80 people were played the same songs but prior that some of them were told that the music is suicide-inducing and others were told the music is life-affirming. The study shows that depending on the prior labeling of the music the same songs were perceived by listeners as either suicide-inducing or life-affirming, thus it is the censorship and prior labeling that might give songs their harmful effects on listeners (North Hargreaves, 2005). As some people argued by saying that negative music gives them sensation of relief due to knowing that someone else felt in a particular way but was able to recover and be creative enough to express their emotions in such a way, hence for them it is perceived as a form of hope if they were in a similar situation (Baker Brown, 2014). Music therapy today and its other potential powers Nowadays degrees in music therapy are becoming more available worldwide as people are becoming more aware of the therapeutic role of music whether it is physical, mental or psychological. There are a lot more potential powers in music yet to be discovered such as its role when played in businesses and retails stores and how it can affect the customers’ behavior (Yalch, 1993), its effect on fetuses by which some claim that the choice of music of the pregnant women will affect their children later on (Kisilevsky et al, 2004), and how effectively does music help hospitalized patients in recoveries and in lessening their pain (ACS, 2008). Music is an entertaining form of art that is easily accessible to everyone and flexible enough to satisfy different tastes; these characteristics makes music a potential power that if people knew how to utilize it correctly, they would be seeking a better state of a harmonic life. References American Cancer Society. (2008). Music Therapy. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/music-therapy American Psychological Association [APA]. (2003). Violent music lyrics increase aggressive thoughts and feelings, according to new study; Even humorous violent songs increase hostile feelings. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030505084039.htm Baker C. Brown B. (2014). Suicide, Self-Harm and Survival Strategies in Contemporary Heavy Metal Music: A Cultural and Literary Analysis. J Med Humanit. PMID: 24682627. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682627 Castillo-Perez S., Gomez-Perez V., Velasco M.C., Perez-Campos E. Mayoral M. (2010). Effects of music therapy on depression compared with psychotherapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, volume 37(5), pp.381-390. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197455610000857?np=y Erkkilà ¤ J., Punkanen M., Phil L., Fachner J., Ala-Ruona E., Pà ¶ntià ¶ I., Tervaniemi M., Vanhala M. Gold C. (2010). Individual music therapy for depression: randomized controlled trail. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/199/2/132.full?sid=b97bc6bf-4b35-4c4f-8000-3111d1ef35f9#content-block Gold C., Solli H.P., Krà ¼ger V. Lie S.A. (2009). Dose-response relationship in music therapy for people with serious mental disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, volume 29(3), pp.193-207. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735809000026 Kisilevsky S., Hains S.M., Jacquet A.Y., Grranier-Deferre C., Lecanuet J.P. (2004). Maturation of fetal responses to music. Dev Sci,volume 7(5):550-9. PMID: 15603288. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15603288 Lu S.F., Lo C.H., Sung H.C., Hsieh T.C., Yu S.C., Chang S.C. (2013). Effects of group music intervention on psychiatric symptoms and depression in patients with schizophrenia. Complement Ther Med, volume 21(6):682-8. PMID: 24280478. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24280478 Music as Medicine. (2014). History of Music Therapy. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.musicasmedicine.com/about/history.cfm Music Therapy Association of Ontario [MTAO]. (2010). Music Therapy Definition. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.musictherapyontario.com/Default.aspx?pageId=1090464 News in Health [NIH]. (2010). Music Matters for Body and Mind. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2010/January/feature1.htm North A.C. Hargreaves D.J. (2005). Brief report: Labelling effects on the perceived deleterious consequences of pop music listening. J Adolesc, volume 28(3):433-40. 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Dimitri Shostakovich Essay -- essays research papers fc

Dmitri Shostakovich Dmitri Shostakovich, born on September 25, 1905, started taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of nine after he showed interest in a string quartet that practiced next door. He entered the Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg, later Leningrad) Conservatory in 1919, where he studied the piano with Leonid Nikolayev until 1923 and composition until 1925 with Aleksandr Glazunov and Maksimilian Steinberg. He participated in the Chopin International Competition for Pianists in Warsaw in 1927 and received an honorable mention, after which he decided to limit his public performances to his own works to separate himself from the virtuoso pianists. Prior to the competition, he had had a far greater success as a composer with the First Symphony (1924-25), which quickly achieved worldwide recognition. The symphony was influenced by composers as diverse as Tchaikovsky, Paul Hindemith, and Sergey Prokofiev. The cultural climate in the Soviet Union was, compared to the Soviet Union at its peak, free at the time. Even the music of Igor Stravinsky and Alban Berg, then in the avant-garde, was played. Bela Bartok and Paul Hindemith visited Russia to perform their own works, and Shostakovich toyed openly with these novelties. His first opera, The Nose, based on the satiric Nikolay Gogol story, displayed a thorough understanding of what was popular in Western music combined with his "dry" humor. Not surprisingly, Shostakovich's undoubtedly finer second opera, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (later renamed Katerina Izmaylova), marked a stylistic retreat. However, this new Shostakovich was too avant-garde for Stalin. In 1928, Joseph Stalin inaugurated his First Five-Year Plan, an "iron hand fastened on Soviet culture," (Johnson) and in music a direct and popular style was demanded. Avant-garde music and jazz were banished, and for a while even Tchaikovsky was looked down upon. Shostakovich remained in good favor for a time, but it has been said that it was Stalin's personal anger at what he heard when he attended a performance of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District in 1936 that sparked the official condemnation of the opera and of its creator. The focus of the opera was based around murder, conspiracy, and trickery, all of which were the worst things that a Russian could speak of. Shostakovich was brutally attacked in ... ...obert Dearling. The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich: the symphonies. Tantivy Press, 1979 Brown, Royal S. ‘Interview with Shostakovich.’ High Fidelity, 23 (October 1973). Fanning, David. The Breath of the Symphonist: Shostakovich’s Tenth. Royal Musical Association, 1988. Fay, Laurel E. ‘Shostakovich vs. Volkov: whose Testimony?’ The Russian Review (October 1980), pp. 484-93. Johnson, Priscilla and Leopold Labdez (eds.). Khrushchev and the Arts: the politics of Soviet Culture, 1962-64. MIT Press, 1965. Kay, Norman. Dmitri Shostakovich. Oxford University Press, 1972. MacDonald, Ian. The New Shostakovich. Northeastern University Press, 1990. Norris, Christopher. Bibliography of Russian Composers. White Lion, 1976. Olkhovsky, Andrei. Music under the Soviets: the agony of an art. Praeger, 1955. Salisbury, Harrison. ‘A Visit with Dmitri Shostakovich.’ New York Times, 8 August 1954. Schwartz, Boris. Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, 1917-1981. 2nd edition. Indiana University Press, 1983. Sollertinsky, Dmitri and Ludmilla. Pages from the Life of Dmitri Shostakovich. Hale, 1981. Volkov, Solomon (ed.). Testimony: the memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich. Harper & Row, 1979. Dimitri Shostakovich Essay -- essays research papers fc Dmitri Shostakovich Dmitri Shostakovich, born on September 25, 1905, started taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of nine after he showed interest in a string quartet that practiced next door. He entered the Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg, later Leningrad) Conservatory in 1919, where he studied the piano with Leonid Nikolayev until 1923 and composition until 1925 with Aleksandr Glazunov and Maksimilian Steinberg. He participated in the Chopin International Competition for Pianists in Warsaw in 1927 and received an honorable mention, after which he decided to limit his public performances to his own works to separate himself from the virtuoso pianists. Prior to the competition, he had had a far greater success as a composer with the First Symphony (1924-25), which quickly achieved worldwide recognition. The symphony was influenced by composers as diverse as Tchaikovsky, Paul Hindemith, and Sergey Prokofiev. The cultural climate in the Soviet Union was, compared to the Soviet Union at its peak, free at the time. Even the music of Igor Stravinsky and Alban Berg, then in the avant-garde, was played. Bela Bartok and Paul Hindemith visited Russia to perform their own works, and Shostakovich toyed openly with these novelties. His first opera, The Nose, based on the satiric Nikolay Gogol story, displayed a thorough understanding of what was popular in Western music combined with his "dry" humor. Not surprisingly, Shostakovich's undoubtedly finer second opera, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (later renamed Katerina Izmaylova), marked a stylistic retreat. However, this new Shostakovich was too avant-garde for Stalin. In 1928, Joseph Stalin inaugurated his First Five-Year Plan, an "iron hand fastened on Soviet culture," (Johnson) and in music a direct and popular style was demanded. Avant-garde music and jazz were banished, and for a while even Tchaikovsky was looked down upon. Shostakovich remained in good favor for a time, but it has been said that it was Stalin's personal anger at what he heard when he attended a performance of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District in 1936 that sparked the official condemnation of the opera and of its creator. The focus of the opera was based around murder, conspiracy, and trickery, all of which were the worst things that a Russian could speak of. Shostakovich was brutally attacked in ... ...obert Dearling. The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich: the symphonies. Tantivy Press, 1979 Brown, Royal S. ‘Interview with Shostakovich.’ High Fidelity, 23 (October 1973). Fanning, David. The Breath of the Symphonist: Shostakovich’s Tenth. Royal Musical Association, 1988. Fay, Laurel E. ‘Shostakovich vs. Volkov: whose Testimony?’ The Russian Review (October 1980), pp. 484-93. Johnson, Priscilla and Leopold Labdez (eds.). Khrushchev and the Arts: the politics of Soviet Culture, 1962-64. MIT Press, 1965. Kay, Norman. Dmitri Shostakovich. Oxford University Press, 1972. MacDonald, Ian. The New Shostakovich. Northeastern University Press, 1990. Norris, Christopher. Bibliography of Russian Composers. White Lion, 1976. Olkhovsky, Andrei. Music under the Soviets: the agony of an art. Praeger, 1955. Salisbury, Harrison. ‘A Visit with Dmitri Shostakovich.’ New York Times, 8 August 1954. Schwartz, Boris. Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, 1917-1981. 2nd edition. Indiana University Press, 1983. Sollertinsky, Dmitri and Ludmilla. Pages from the Life of Dmitri Shostakovich. Hale, 1981. Volkov, Solomon (ed.). Testimony: the memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich. Harper & Row, 1979.